Learning management systems (LMSs) are software programs that teachers can use to administer courses. The three LMSs mentioned in our study were

1. Blackboard: a commercial program often installed for a whole university

2. Moodle: an open source or free program that can be university-wide but is often used by individual teachers

3. Edmodo: a social media program that is gaining popularity amongst individual teachers

Teachers in the study used the LMSs to coordinate coursework, monitor progress, post instructions and set up groups.

Students used them to access materials, receive instructions, upload or download e-products such as videos or audio recordings, and to communicate with their classmates.